Django4.2 学习 - 综合练习（六）

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1. 练习需求

  • 创建一个项目，来说明出版社，书籍和作者的关系。

  • 假定关系：

    • 作者：书籍 -> 1：n （一本书可以由一个作者完成， 一个作者可以创作多本书）
    • 出版社：书籍 -> n: n （一个出版社可以出版多本书， 一本书可以由多个出版社出版）

  • models 直接给出如下：

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class Author(models.Model):
    first_name = models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name="姓")
    last_name = models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name="名")
    email = models.EmailField(verbose_name="电子邮箱")
    gender = models.CharField(max_length=10, verbose_name="性别")

    def __str__(self):
        return f"{self.first_name} {self.last_name}"  

class Book(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='书名')
    publisher_date = models.DateField()
    author = models.ForeignKey(Author, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    publisher = models.ManyToManyField(Publisher)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.title
      
 class Publisher(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name='出版社名')
    state_province = models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name='省')
    city = models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name='城市')
    country = models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name='区')
    address = models.CharField(max_length=120, verbose_name='地址')
    website = models.URLField(verbose_name='网址')

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name
  • 在书籍的 book_index.html 中有一个 “查看所有书籍” 的超链接按钮，点击进入书籍列表 book_list.html 页面。
  • 在书籍的 book_list.html 中显示所有书名，点击书名可以进入书籍详情 book_detail.html (通过书籍 id)。
  • 在书籍 book_detail.html 中可以点击概述的作者和出版社，进入作者的 author_detail.html 和出版社详情的 publisher_detail.html 页面。
  • 需要分别建立三个应用 book、author、publisher。
  • 使用系统自带的后台管理系统，给数据库添加书籍、作者、出版社的数据，注意顺序。
  • 在 Templates 中新建 book、author、publisher 文件夹，分类将不同的 html 页面放进去。
  • 写路由时，使用带命名空间的根路由、子路由 的方式，写完可以先启动下，检查各个页面是否可以访问。
  • 在 author_detail.html 查询该作者都出版了哪些书，并且里面的书籍也可以跳转到书籍详情页。
  • 在 publisher_detail.html 查询该出版社都出版了哪些书，并且里面的书籍也可以跳转到书籍详情页。

2. 主要代码

DjangoPro9/settings.py

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# ......
TEMPLATES = [
  # 如果使用 Jinja2 ，这个必须放前面
    {
        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.jinja2.Jinja2',
        'DIRS': [BASE_DIR / 'templates'],
        'APP_DIRS': True,
        'OPTIONS': {
            'environment': 'DjangoPro9.jinja2.jinja2_env.environment',  # 指定环境配置函数
            'context_processors': [
                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
                'django.template.context_processors.request',
                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
            ],
        },
    },

    # 保留默认模板引擎（复制一份即可），如果使用 Django 这个必须保留一份
    {
        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
        'DIRS': [BASE_DIR / 'templates'],
        'APP_DIRS': True,
        'OPTIONS': {
            'context_processors': [
                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
                'django.template.context_processors.request',
                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
            ],
        },
    },

]

# ...
DATABASES = {
    # 'default': {
    #     'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
    #     'NAME': BASE_DIR / 'db.sqlite3',
    # }

    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
        'NAME': 'django9',  # 数据库名称
        'USER': 'root',  # 数据库用户名
        'PASSWORD': '123456',  # 数据库密码
        'HOST': '127.0.0.1',  # 数据库主机
        'PORT': '3306',  # 数据库端口
    }
}

DjangoPro9/urls.py

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# 主路由
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include
from book.views import index

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),

    # path('author/', include(('子路由', 'appname'), namespace='命名空间')),
    path('author/', include(('author.urls', 'author'), namespace='author')),

    path('book/', include(('book.urls', 'book'), namespace='book')),

    path('publisher/', include(('publisher.urls', 'publisher'), namespace='publisher')),

]

  • author 相关 
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author/
├── __init__.py
├── admin.py
├── apps.py
├── migrations
│   ├── 0001_initial.py
│   ├── __init__.py
├── models.py
├── tests.py
├── urls.py
└── views.py

author/admin.py

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from django.contrib import admin
from author.models import Author

admin.site.register(Author)

author/models.py

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from django.db import models


class Author(models.Model):
    first_name = models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name="姓")
    last_name = models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name="名")
    email = models.EmailField(verbose_name="电子邮箱")
    gender = models.CharField(max_length=10, verbose_name="性别")

    def __str__(self):
        return f"{self.first_name} {self.last_name}"

author/urls.py

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from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from author.views import *

urlpatterns = [
    path('detail/<int:author_id>', author_detail, name='author_detail'),
]

author/views.py

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from django.shortcuts import render
from author.models import Author
# Create your views here.

def author_detail(request, author_id):

    author = Author.objects.get(pk=author_id)

    return render(request, 'author/author_detail.html', {'author': author})

book 相关

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book/
├── __init__.py
├── admin.py
├── apps.py
├── migrations
│   ├── 0001_initial.py
│   ├── __init__.py
├── models.py
├── tests.py
├── urls.py
└── views.py

book/admin.py

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from django.contrib import admin
from book.models import Book

admin.site.register(Book)

book/models.py

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from django.db import models
from author.models import Author
from publisher.models import Publisher


class Book(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='书名')
    publisher_date = models.DateField()
    author = models.ForeignKey(Author, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    publisher = models.ManyToManyField(Publisher)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.title

book/urls.py

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from django.urls import path
from book.views import *

urlpatterns = [
    path('index/', index, name='index'),

    path('list', book_list, name='book_list'),

    path('detail/<int:book_id>', book_detail, name='book_detail'),

]

book/views.py

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from django.shortcuts import render

from book.models import Book


def index(request):
    return render(request, 'book/book_index.html')


def book_list(request):
    books = Book.objects.all()
    return render(request, 'book/book_list.html', {'books': books})


def book_detail(request, book_id):
    book = Book.objects.get(id=book_id)
    return render(request, 'book/book_detail.html', {'book': book})

publisher 相关

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publisher/
├── __init__.py
├── admin.py
├── apps.py
├── migrations
│   ├── 0001_initial.py
│   ├── 0002_alter_publisher_website.py
│   ├── 0003_alter_publisher_country.py
│   ├── __init__.py
├── models.py
├── tests.py
├── urls.py
└── views.py

publisher/admin.py

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from django.contrib import admin

from publisher.models import Publisher

admin.site.register(Publisher)

publisher/models.py

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from django.db import models


class Publisher(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name='出版社名')
    state_province = models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name='省')
    city = models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name='城市')
    country = models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name='区')
    address = models.CharField(max_length=120, verbose_name='地址')
    website = models.URLField(verbose_name='网址')

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

publisher/urls.py

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from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from publisher.views import *

urlpatterns = [
    path('detail/<int:publisher_id>', publisher_detail, name='publisher_detail'),
]

publisher/views.py

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from django.shortcuts import render
from publisher.models import Publisher


def publisher_detail(request, publisher_id):
    publisher = Publisher.objects.get(pk=publisher_id)

    return render(request, 'publisher/publisher_detail.html', {'publisher': publisher})

html 相关

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templates/
├── author
│   └── author_detail.html
├── book
│   ├── book_detail.html
│   ├── book_index.html
│   └── book_list.html
└── publisher
    └── publisher_detail.html

templates/author_detail.html

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>作者详情</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>作者详情</h2>
<hr>
<ul>
    <li>作者姓名：{{ author.first_name }}{{ author.last_name }}</li>
    <li>作者邮箱：{{ author.email }}</li>
    <li>作者性别：{{ author.gender }}</li>
    <li>出版书籍：
        {% for book in author.book_set.all() %}
            <a href="{{ url('book:book_detail', kwargs={'book_id':book.id}) }}">{{ book.title }}</a>
        {% endfor %}</li>


</ul>

</body>
</html>

templates/book_detail.html

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>书籍详情</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>书籍详情</h2>
<hr>
<ul>
    <li>书名：{{ book.title }}</li>
    <li>作者：<a href="{{ url('author:author_detail' , kwargs={'author_id': book.author_id}) }}">{{ book.author }}</a>
    </li>
    <li>出版日期：{{ book.publisher_date }}</li>

    <li>出版社：
        {% for publisher in book.publisher.all() %}
            <a href="{{ url('publisher:publisher_detail', kwargs={'publisher_id': publisher.id}) }}">{{ publisher.name }}</a>
        {% endfor %}</li>

</ul>
</body>
</html>

templates/book_index.html

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>index</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>书籍index</h2>
<hr>

<a href="{{ url('book:book_list') }}">查看所有书籍</a>


</body>
</html>

templates/book_list.html

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>书籍列表</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>书籍列表</h2>
<hr>
{% for book in books %}
    <li>书名：<a href="{{ url('book:book_detail', kwargs={'book_id': book.id}) }}">{{ book.title }}</a></li>

{% endfor %}

</body>
</html>

templates/publisher_detail.html

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>出版社详情</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>出版社详情</h2>
<hr>
<ul>
    <li>出版社：{{ publisher.name }}</li>
    <li>出版社地址：{{ publisher.state_province }}{{ publisher.city }}{{ publisher.country }}{{ publisher.address }}</li>
    <li>出版社网址：{{ publisher.website }}</li>
    <li>出版书籍：
        {% for book in publisher.book_set.all() %}
            <a href="{{ url('book:book_detail', kwargs={'book_id': book.id}) }}">{{ book.title }}</a>
        {% endfor %}

    </li>
</ul>

</body>
</html>

3. 相关参考

B 站视频